![]() Syst Bot Monogr 63:1–196īruyns PV (2005) Stapeliads of Southern Africa and Madagascar. īruyns PV (2002) Monograph of Orbea and Ballyanthus (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae–Ceropegieae). īrodie BS, Babcock T, Gries R, Benn A, Gries G (2016) Acquired smell? Mature females of the common green bottle fly shift semiochemical preferences from feces feeding sites to carrion oviposition sites. J Nat Hist (London) 27:645–655īrodie B, Gries R, Martins A, Van Laerhoven S, Gries G (2014) Bimodal cue complex signifies suitable oviposition sites to gravid females of the common green bottle fly. Amer J Bot 75:1148–1162īlackith RE, Blackith RM (1993) Differential attraction of calyptrate flies (Diptera) to faeces. Bull Brit Ecol Soc 32:36–39īeaman R, Decker P, Beaman J (1988) Pollination of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Nat Hist Bull Siam Soc 39:19–52īänziger H (2001) Studies on the superlative deceiver: Rhizanthes Dumortier (Rafflesiaceae). īänziger H (1991) Stench and fragrance: unique pollination lure of Thailand’s largest flower, Rafflesia kerrii Meijer. Vision Res 40:13–31Īrnold S, Savolainen V, Chittka L (2009) Flower colours along an alpine altitude gradient, seen through the eyes of fly and bee pollinators. Wiley, HobokenĪnderson JC, Laughlin SB (2000) Photoreceptor performance and the co-ordination of achromatic and chromatic inputs in the fly visual system. Īgresti A (2007) An introduction to categorical data analysis, 2nd edn. Our results suggest that there is a visual component to fly attraction, but some traits, such as the mottled patterning, may not have evolved to enhance pollinator attraction.Īak A, Knudsen G (2011) Sex differences in olfaction-mediated visual acuity in blowflies and its consequences for gender-specific trapping. Experiments using model flowers with odour supplied by real flowers (to explore the significance of dark flowers and dark spots on a pale background, which both occur frequently in flowers that mimic carrion or faeces) showed that scented black flowers attracted significantly more flies than similarly scented human-yellow flowers, while the presence or size of black spots on the corolla had no effect on the attraction of flies. Comparison of fly arrival rates at concealed (but still scented) versus exposed flowers showed that flies can locate flowers without visual cues, but visitation was higher when the flowers were visible. Comparison of floral and abiotic background colours (analysed using reflectance spectrometry) using a fly colour vision model suggested that flowers would be chromatically indistinguishable from the background. The floral odour (analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) was dominated by oligosulphides and phenol. ![]() Flowers were pollinated primarily by Musca domestica (Muscidae), with lesser contributions by Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae flies. We studied pollination of the “carrion flowers” of Ceropegia mixta, analysed floral traits and used manipulative experiments to explore the contributions of visual and scent traits to pollinator attraction. Odour is an important pollinator attractant, but visual traits and interactions between visual and scent traits have seldom been considered. Flowers that mimic carrion or faeces exhibit unusual traits, the evolution and functional significance of which remain poorly understood. ![]()
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